研究NOTE | Cy Twombly 赛·汤伯利：潦草书写的背后—转瞬即逝的古典美学

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策展人研究笔记

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赛·汤伯利
Cy Twombly © Cy Twombly

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艺术家 | About the Artist

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赛‍‍‍‍‍‍‍·汤伯利（Cy Twombly, b.1928）出生于美国维吉尼亚州，并被誉为二战后最具影响力的艺术家之一。汤伯利在继承抽象表现主义及极简主义后，进一步打破既有框架，将平面绘画推向另一高峰，后来的新表现主义艺术家便是在他的基础上发展而来。

从小就热爱艺术的汤伯利，12岁开始便跟着西班牙艺术家皮耶尔‧道拉（Pierre Daura）学画，20岁后进入波士顿艺术馆附设学院（SMFA Boston）就读。两年后，汤伯利获得了奖学金资助前往纽约艺术学生联盟（The Art Students League of New York）学习艺术，在那里开始接触抽象派画家马克·罗斯科. （Mark Rothko）和杰克逊‧波洛克（Jackson Pollock）等大师作品，并结识了日后也同样成为著名艺术家的罗伯特·劳森伯格(Robert Rauschenberg)。

Cy Twombly at home by Horst P. Horst, Rome 1966 for Vogue

后来，在劳森伯格的鼓励下，汤伯利前往北卡罗莱纳州学风自由的黑山学院（Black Mountain College）学习，接受到包含诗人查尔斯‧奥森（Charles Olson）与抽象表现主义艺术家法兰兹‧克莱因（Franz Kline）的影响，激起对古文明与神话的浓厚兴趣，并开始尝试将画布当作身体行动的场所，并在作画的过程投注自己身体的每一动作。随后几年，汤伯利回到纽约发展，并不时在劳森伯格的工作室里作画，但初期在纽约的展览反响皆为平平。之后他在纽约与罗马两地间往返工作，最终选择在1957年移居意大利，并与当地一位女艺术家结婚，最后也于罗马逝世。

终其一生，汤伯利作风低调鲜少出现于公众前，也几乎不对自己的作品做出论述。到晚年他才开始备受国际艺坛瞩目，于2001年受邀参与第49届威尼斯国际艺术双年展并获得当年金狮奖。世界上重量级的美术馆，包含苏黎世美术馆、纽约现代美术馆、伦敦泰特现代美术馆与蓬皮杜艺术中心等，也都为其策划过大型回顾展。

艺术家简历 | CV

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赛·汤伯利 | Cy Twombly

Born 1928, Lexington, Virginia, United States Died 2011, Rome, Italy
Education
1948–49 School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
1949–50 Washington and Lee University, Virginia
1950-51 Art Students League of New York, New York
1951-52 Black Mountain College, North Carolina

Selected Solo Exhibitions

2020
Cy Twombly: Making Past Present. MFA Boston
2019
Cy Twombly: Portraits. National Portrait Gallery, London, England.
Cy Twombly: Sculpture. Gagosian, Grosvenor Hill, London, England.
2018
Cy Twombly: Photographs. Château La Coste, Le Puy-Sainte-Réparade, France. 

Cy Twombly: Photographs. Sursock Museum, Beirut, Lebanon. Coronation of Sesostris. Gagosian, Madison Avenue, New York, NY. In Beauty It Is Finished: Drawings 1951-2008. Gagosian, West 21st St., New York, NY.2017Cy Twombly. Thomas Ammann Fine Art, Zurich, Switzerland. Cy Twombly. Gagosian Gallery, Athens, Greece. Divine Dialogues: Cy Twombly and Greek Antiquity. The Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens, Greece.2016Cy Twombly: Orpheus. Gagosian, Paris, France. Cy Twombly. Centre Pompidou, Paris, France. Cy Twombly: In the Studio. Museum Brandhorst, Munich, Germany. Cy Twombly Photographs: Lyrical Variations. Kawamura Memorial DIC Museum of Art, Sakura, Japan. Cy Twombly: Selected Photographs 1944-2006. Museum Frieder Burda, BadenBaden, Germany. Cy Twombly: Photographs. Galerie Bastian, Berlin, Germany. Cy Twombly: Malerei auf Papier. Galerie Karsten Greve, Cologne, Germany. Cy Twombly: Lux. Museu d’Art Contemporani d’Eivissa, Ibiza, Spain2015Cy Twombly: Quattro Stagioni. De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill-on-Sea, England. Cy Twombly. Gagosian Gallery, Grosvenor Hill, London, England. Cy Twombly: Photographs. Gagosian Gallery, Davies Street, London, England. Cy Twombly: Painting & Sculpture. Kunstmuseum Basel Museum für Gegenwartskunst, Basel, Switzerland. Cy Twombly: Photographer. American Academy in Rome, Rome, Italy. Cy Twombly: Fifty Years of Works on Paper. Hara Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo, Japan & Hara Museum ARC, Gunma-ken, Japan. Cy Twombly at Casa Malaparte. Casa Malaparte, Capri, Italy. Cy Twombly. Gagosian Gallery, 980 Madison Ave., New York, NY.2014Cy Twombly: Treatise on the Veil. The Morgan Library & Museum, New York, NY. Cy Twombly: Paradise. Museo Jumex, Mexico City, Mexico; traveled to Ca’Pesaro, Galleria Internazionale d’Arte Moderna, Venice, Italy. Cy Twombly: Fotografie di Gaeta. Diocesan Museum, Gaeta, Italy.2013Cy Twombly: Works on Paper. Galerie Karsten Greve, Paris, France.2012Cy Twombly: Sculptures. Philadelphia Museum of Art. Philadelphia, PA. Cy Twombly: The Last Paintings. Gagosian Gallery, Madison Avenue, New York, NY. Cy Twombly: The Last Paintings. Gagosian Gallery, Britannia Street, London, England. Cy Twombly: A Mediterranean World. Galerie Bastian, Berlin, Germany. Cy Twombly: A Survey of Photographs 1954–2011. Gagosian Gallery, Britannia Street, London, England. Cy Twombly: The Last Paintings. Gagosian Gallery, Hong Kong, China. Cy Twombly: The Last Paintings. Gagosian Gallery, Beverly Hills, CA. Cy Twombly: Photographs. Gagosian Gallery, Beverly Hills, CA. Cy Twombly: Works from the Sonnabend Collection. Eykyn Maclean, London, England; traveled to Eykyn Maclean, New York, NY. Cy Twombly: Draperies – Photographs. Schirmer Mosel Showroom, Munich, Germany.2011Cy Twombly: Prints. Craig F. Starr Gallery, New York, NY. Cy Twombly Photographs 1951-2010. Museum Brandhorst, Munich, Germany; Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, Munich, Germany; Museum für Gegenwartskunst Siegen, Siegen, Germany; BOZAR Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels, Belgium (through 2012). Cy Twombly: Sculpture. Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY. Cy Twombly Tribute: A Scattering of Blossoms & Other Things. Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA. Cy Twombly and Poussin: Arcadian Painters. Dulwich Picture Gallery, London, England. Cy Twombly: Le temps retrouvé. Collection Lambert, Avignon, France. Cy Twombly: Rooms and Roses. Photographs: Rome, Gaeta, Lexington. Schirmer/Mosel Showroom, Munich, Germany. Cy Twombly: A Private Collection : Works on Paper. Galerie Karsten Greve, St. Moritz, Switzerland.2010Cy Twombly. Portland Art Museum, Portland, OR. Cy Twombly: Camino Real. Gagosian Gallery, Paris, France. Cy Twombly: Tulips. Fifteen Photographs. Schirmer/Mosel Showroom, Munich, Germany. Permanent Installation, Musee du Louvre, Salle des bronzes, Paris, France.2009Cy Twombly: Treatise on the Veil. Menil Collection, Houston, TX. Cy Twombly: Eight Sculptures. Gagosian Gallery, New York, NY. Cy Twombly: Leaving Paphos Ringed with Waves. Gagosian Gallery, Athens, Greece. Cy Twombly: The Rose. Gagosian Gallery, Britannia Street, London, England. Cy Twombly: Photographien, Druckgaphiken, Zeichnungen. Lindenau-Museum, Altenburg, Germany. Cy Twombly: The Natural World: Selected Works 2000-2007. Art Institute of Chicago. Chicago, IL. Cy Twombly: Photographs V. Schirmer/Mosel Showroom, Munich, Germany. Cy Twombly: Sensations of the Moment. Museum Moderner Kunst, Vienna, Austria.2008Cy Twombly: Cycles and Seasons. Tate Modern, London, England; traveled to Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain; Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea, Rome, Italy. Cy Twombly: Lepanto. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid, Spain. Cy Twombly: Photographs III. Schirmer/Mosel Showroom, Munich, Germany.2007Cy Twombly:Three Notes from Salalah. Gagosian Gallery, Rome, Italy. Cy Twombly: Blooming: A Scattering of Blossoms and Other Things. Gagosian Gallery, West 21st Street, New York, NY. Cy Twombly: Selected Works, Dominque Levy, New York, NY.2006Cy Twombly: In Der Alten Pinakothek skulpturen. Kunstareal, Munich, Germany.
2005Cy Twombly: Bacchus. Gagosian Gallery, New York, NY. Cy Twombly: Lepanto. The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX2004Cy Twombly. Thomas Ammann Fine Art, Zurich, Switzerland. Ten Paintings and a Sculpture. Gagosian Gallery, Britannia Street, London, England. Cy Twombly: Natural History Part II, Some Trees of Italy, 1975-1976. MUDAM – Musée d’Art Moderne Grand-Duc Jean, Luxembourg.2003
Cy Twombly: Fifty Years of Works on Paper (curated by Julie Sylvester). The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia; traveled to: The Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich, Germany; The Centre Pompidou, Paris, France; The Serpentine Gallery, London, England; The Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY; The Menil Collection, Houston, TX (through 2005).
A Gathering of Time. Gagosian Gallery, New York, NY.
2002Cy Twombly: Letter of Resignation. Zwirner & Wirth, New York, NY.
Cy Twombly: Acht Graphikzyklen und vier Papierarbeiten aus der Sammlung Großhau. Museum Moderner Kunst – Stiftung Wörlen, Passau, Germany.
Audible Silence: Cy Twombly. The Daros Collection, Zurich, Switzerland.
Cy Twombly: Lepanto. ALte Pinakotehek, Munich, Germany.
Cy Twombly: Photographs 2002. Schirmer/Mosel Showroom, Munich, Germany.
Cy Twombly: Sculture. EXMÁ Centro d’Arte e Cultura, Calgiari, Italy.
Cy Twombly. Inverleith House, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Cy Twombly: Lepanto. Gagosian Gallery, Chelsea, New York, NY2001
Cy Twombly. Thomas Ammann Fine Art AG, Zurich, Switzerland.
2000Cy Twombly. Brazos Projects, Houston, TX.
Coronation of Sesostris. Gagosian Gallery, New York, NY.
Cy Twombly: Die Skulptur. Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel, Switzerland; traveled to the Menil Collection, Houston, TX; The National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Cy Twombly: Idilli. Vier Graphikzyklen und eine Collage aus der Sammlung Reiner Speck, Köln. Schloß Gottorf / Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen, Schleswig, Germany.
1997
Cy Twombly: Photographs. Galleria S.A.L.E.S., Rome, Italy. 
Cy Twombly. Galerie Karsten Greve, Cologne, Germany. Cy Twombly. Galerie Xavier Hufkens, Brussels, Belgium.
Cy Twombly. Cheim & Read, New York, NY.
Cy Twombly: Ten Sculptures. Gagosian Gallery, New York, NY1996Cy Twombly. Kukje Gallery, Seoul, South Korea.
Cy Twombly. Peder Bonnier Gallery, New York, NY.
Cy Twombly: Photographs. Gagosian Gallery, Los Angeles, CA.
Cy Twombly: Drawings and Lithos. Rupertinum, Salzburg, Austria.
Cy Twombly: Lepanto. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY.1995Cy Twombly: Untitled Painting, ‘Say Goodbye, Catullus to the Shores of Asia Minor.” The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX.
Cy Twombly: Photographs. Texas Gallery, Houston, TX.
Cy Twombly: Works on Paper from Four Decades. Robert McClain & Co., Houston, TX. Cy Twombly: Prints. Mönchehaus Museum für Moderne Kunst, Goslar, Germany.
Cy Twombly: Skulptur. Galerie Max Hetzler, Berlin, Germany.1994
Cy Twombly. Galleria Karsten Greve, Milan, Italy. 
Cy Twombly. Thomas Ammann Fine Art AG, Zurich, Switzerland. 
Cy Twombly. A Retrospective. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY; traveled to the Menil Collection, Houston, TX; The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA; (Cy Twombly. Retrospektive) Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, Germany.
Cy Twombly: Untitled Painting. Gagosian Gallery, New York, NY.
Cy Twombly. C & M Arts, New York, NY (in association with Galerie Karsten Greve, Cologne, Germany/Paris, France/Milan, Italy).
1990Cy Twombly: Drawings and 8 Sculptures. Thomas Ammann Fine Art, Zurich, Switzerland. Cy Twombly: Summer Madness. Ameliobrachot/Piéce Unique, Paris, France.1989Cy Twombly: Paintings and Sculptures 1951 and 1953. Sperone Westwater, New York, NY.
Paintings of Cy Twombly. Galerie Karsten Greve, Cologne, Germany.
The Linear Image: American Master Works on Paper. Marisa Del Re Gallery, New York, NY.
Cy Twombly. The Menil Collection, Houston, TX; traveled to Des Moines Art Center, Des Moines, IA.
Twombly. Galerie Di Meo, Paris, France.
American Prints from the Sixties. Susan Sheehan Gallery, New York, NY.
Cy Twombly Bolsena Paintings. Gagosian Gallery, New York, NY.1987Cy Twombly: Bilder, Arbeiten auf Papier, Skulpturen. Kunsthaus, Zurich, Switzerland; traveled to (Cuadros, trabajos sobre papel, esculturas) Palacio de Velásquez/Palacio de Cristal, Madrid, Spain; (Paintings, Works on Paper, Sculpture) Whitechapel Art Gallery, London, England; (Bilder, Arbeiten auf Papier, Skulpturen) Städtische Kunsthalle, Düsseldorf, Germany; (Peintures, Oeuvres sur papier, Sculptures) Musée national d’art moderne, Galeries contemporaines, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France. Cy Twombly: Serin auf Papier 1957-1987. Städtisches Kunstmuseum, Bonn, Germany; traveled to (Sèries sobre paper 1959-1987) Centre Cultural de la Fundació Caixa de Pensions, Barcelona, Spain.1985Cy Twombly. The Saatchi Gallery, London, England. Cy Twombly: Paintings and Drawings. Dia Art Foundation, New York, NY. Cy Twombly. Galerie Karsten Greve, Cologne, Germany. Cy Twombly: Drawings and Prints. Galerie & Edition Stähli, Zurich, Switzerland.1981
Cy Twombly: Natural History, Part I: Some Trees of Italy, Part II: Mushrooms. Castelli Graphics, New York, NY. Cy Twombly: Skulpturen. 23 Arbeiten aus den Jahren 1955 bis 1981. Museum Haus Lange, Krefeld, Germany. Cy Twombly: Works on Paper 1954-1976. Harbor Art Museum, Newport Beach, CA; traveled to Elvehejem Museum of Art, Madison, WI; Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, VA; Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Canada. Cy Twombly: Natural History, Part I: Some Trees of Italy, Part II: Mushrooms. Galleriet, Lund, Sweden.1964Peintures récentes. Galerie Bonnier, Lausanne, Switzerland ; traveled to Galerie Handschin, Basel, Switzerland.
Nine Discourses on Commodus by Cy Twombly. Leo Castelli Gallery, New York, NY. Notes from a Tower/The Artist in the Northern Climate. Galerie Freidrich + Dahlem, Munich, Germany. 1960
Cy Twombly. Galleria La Tartaruga, Rome, Italy.
Cy Twombly. Leo Castelli Gallery, New York, NY.
1958
Cy Twombly. Galleria La Tartaruga, Rome, Italy.
Cy Twombly. Galleria del Cavallino, Venice, Italy.
Cy Twombly. Galleria del Naviglio, Milan, Italy.
1953
Arazzi di Cy Twombly. Galleria Via della Croce, Rome, Italy. Cy Twombly: Drawings, Paintings, Sculpture. The Little Gallery, Princeton, NJ.1951
Cy Twombly: Twelve Paintings. The Seven Stairs Gallery, Chicago, IL.
Public Collections
Art Gallery of New South Wales, Australia
Berardo Museum, Lisbon, Portugal
CAMeC, Centro de Arte Moderna e Contemporanea della Spezia, La Spezia, Italy
Centre Pompidou, Musée National d’Art Modern, Paris, France
Collection Lambert, Avignon, France
Collezione Maramotti, Reggio Emilia, Italy
Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX
Daros Exhibitions, Zurich, Switzerland
Des Moines Art Center, Des Moines, IA
Dia Art Foundation: Chelsea, New York, NY
Dia: Beacon, Beacon, NY
Fisher Landau Center for Art, New York, NY
Galleria Civica d’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea-GAM, Turin, Italy
Hamburger Bahnhof, Museum für Gegenwart, Berlin, Germany
Iwaki City Art Museum, Iwaki, Japan
Kawamura Memorial Museum of Art, Chiba, Japan
Kawasaki City Museum, Kawasaki, Japan
Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, Kansas City, MO
Kunsthaus Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
Kunstpalais Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
Leeum-Samsung Museum of Art, Seoul, South Korea
Los Angeles County Museum of Art-LACMA, Los Angeles, CA
McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, TX
Menil Collection, Houston, TX
Milwaukee Art Museum, Milkwaukee, WI
Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX
Muséed’Art Moderne Grand-Duc Jean-MUDAM, Luxembourg
Musée du Louvre, Paris, France
Museo D’Arte Contemporanea Donna Regina - MADRE, Naples, Italy
Museo Guggenheim de Arte Moderno y Contemporaneo, Bilbao, Spain
Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid, Spain
Museu d’Art Contemporani de Barcelona-MACBA, Barcelona, Spain
Museum Brandhorst, Munich, Germany
Museum of Contemporary Art – MOCA, Los Angeles, CA
Museum für Gegenwartskunst – Emanuel Hoffmann-Stiftung, Basel, Switzerland
Museum für Gegenwartskunst Siegen, Siegen, Germany
Museum Kurhaus Kleve, Kleve, Germany
Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany
Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY
Museum der Stadt Ratingen, Ratingen, Germany
Nasher Sculpture Center, Dallas, TX
Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA
Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich, Germany
Punta della Dogana - Francois Pinault Foundation, Venice, Italy
RISD Museum, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI
Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY
Tate Britain, London, England
Tate Modern, London, England
Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Tehran, Iran
TerraeMotus, Caserta, Italy
Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT
Whitney Museum of American Art, Philadelphia, PA
Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT

Honors and Awards
1987
Rubens-Peis der Stadt Siegen 
1984
Internationaler Preis für bildende Kunst des Landes Baden-Württemberg

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作品 | About Artworks

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绘画 

Paintings 

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汤伯利的绘画风格在其艺术生涯中发生许多变化。早期受黑山学院同僚的影响，创作风格狂野大胆，笔触急促潦草、涂抹随兴，积极尝试滴画技法（drip），也经常拼贴不同的元素。后来深受地中海文明感触，汤伯利将画作版面拉大，笔触变得更为率真随性，有别于过去富于表现主义的艺术创作，他反复重新诠释着古典诗作、神话与历史，将个人诠释带进作品，创造了独有的隐喻性语汇，使得作品极富诗意。汤伯利最为标志性的涂鸦抽象作品，打破了素描和油画之间的界限，通过看似重复的线条组合单词和字母，以一种姿态性的运笔，描绘了一种想像的现象学、对神秘的解构。

Untitled (New York City), signed and dated '1970 Cy Twombly' (on the reverse), oil based house paint and wax crayon on canvas, 57 x 70in. (144.7 x 177.8cm)

对汤伯利而言，诗意和理性并不冲突。他曾经说过：“我从不将绘画和文学分割开来，因为我常用做参考...我喜欢诗，我从中发现凝练的语句...我最喜欢引用里尔克的诗，因为他的叙事性和讨论事物的本质。我总寻找发现诗句...它们用强而有力地影响着画面。”

Cy Twombly, Poems to the Sea, 1959, Oil, crayon, pastel and coloured pencil on paper, One of 24 sheets, each approximately 31 x 31cm, Photo: Douglas M. Parker, Collection Dia Art Foundation, New York © Cy Twombly

1959年，汤伯利创作了他职业生涯中最轻松的一些作品，其中包括在意大利斯珀隆加（Sperlonga）海岸创作的24幅素描作品，包括《海上诗| Poems to the Sea》。这些诗标有数字和问号，又仿佛不尊崇任何顺序。大海变成了白纸上的直线，文字，潦草的书写和星星点点的颜料。观看者会产生一种持续的强迫感，那种渴望阅读画中书写内容的欲望，但又不能完全理解艺术家的用意。画面上仅有的两个单词突显地清晰易懂，分别是“时间 (Time)”和“莎孚（Sappho） ”，仿佛是沙滩上被冲刷后，显露出微妙闪光的宝石 —— 蓝色，橙黄色，粉红色。汤伯利画中的含义不断地被扭曲和渴望，它仅停留在远处，那个灰色或蓝色的直线构成的画面边缘，亦是海与天连接的地方。他的书写似波浪，滚动，划掉，抹去，最后涂上缎光灰白色油漆。正如罗兰·巴特（Roland Barthes）恰当地表述的那样，这些标志着绘画新生形式出现 —— “手正在变成（the hand’s becoming）”。

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雕塑

Sculptures 

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Chariot of Triumph (1990–98), Wood, paint, cloth, and nails, 108 x 53 x 189 cm, © Cy Twombly Foundation

“白色涂料就是我的大理石“ （White paint is my marble.）

汤伯利善用偶然发现的材料（例如石膏，木头和铁）以及他在工作室中日常使用材料和废品制作雕塑。自1946年开始，他便开始创作组合雕塑，但在1997年他的雕塑全集第一卷出版之前鲜为人知。它们通常规模不大，却体现了他的手刻雕纹和符号语言的艺术创作，唤起了古代的叙事以及文学和诗歌的碎片记忆。

Untitled, 2002, Plaster, wood, paint, acrylic, and sand, 65 x 24.5 x 20.8cm

Untitled, 2004, Bronze, 81 x 38.5 x 29.5cm, edition 4/6

Untitled (St. Sebastian), 1998, Bronze, 128 x 23 x 19cm, edition 1/3

© Cy Twombly Foundation

汤伯利的许多雕塑都涂有白色涂料，它统一并中和组装而成的材料，并使新形成的物体成为一个连贯的整体。在将白色涂料称为他的“大理石”时，汤伯利追溯了埃及，希腊和罗马雕塑的传统，意在通过粗糙的涂料创造的残破表面肌理挑战“大理石”代表的传统经典中的完美。汤伯利的雕塑也暗示了建筑，几何以及埃及和美索不达米亚的雕像，例如矩形基座和圆形结构的《无题》（1977）和《胜利的战车》（1990-98）。

Untitled (In Memory of Álvaro de Campos), 2002, Wood, synthetic resin paint, pencil, synthetic resin putty, 60 x 116 x 39.3 cm

Untitled (In Memory of Álvaro de Campos) (2002) 由一个圆形的木槽，一个矩形盒子，一个延伸的土堆和一个垂直的木板组成，象征着墓志铭或纪念碑。雕塑以白色为基调，上面刻着典型汤伯利风格的涂鸦和手写铭文：“以各种方式感受万物 (to feel all things in all ways)”。该铭文取自Álvarode Campos（葡萄牙诗人Fernando Pessoa的化名之一）的一首诗，暗示雕塑本身的可读性，并将三维物体定义成一个可加工和创作的表面。

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宝丽莱

Polaroids 

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如果说绘画是汤伯利创作的主调，摄影像复调一样随曲而终。

从学生时代起，汤伯利就开始用照片捕捉了他的日常生活，但直到晚年这些相片才被公开出来。他的宝丽莱影集记录了从弗吉尼亚州绿意盎然的景色到意大利海岸慵懒惬意的人群，从欧洲城市中古建筑和雕塑的特写细节到自己工作室创作的静物实景。

1990年代初期开始，他使用专业的复印机在哑光纸上放大了宝丽莱图像，从而产生了细微的失真，近似于他的绘画和雕塑模糊而引人凝视的风格。其中最值得关注的是他拍摄的室内静物系列，尤其是拍摄花卉的一组，温柔而高傲，内敛而张扬，这个主体与他自八九十年代起对花卉绘画探索的兴趣密不可分。他的摄影作品直到1993年10月才首次在纽约Matthew Marks画廊展出，才被更多人所知，编辑成册出版。

Laratt-Smith曾在他的论文中这样评价：“爱与死亡，艺术与美，这些宏大的主题是他创作的核心。而他那独一无二的艺术视角，赋予了他的作品一种高度的独创性。”

© Cy Twombly Photographs

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展览 | Exhibitions Review

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“Cy Twombly” 

Centre Pompidou Show

Paris, France 

2016年，巴黎蓬皮杜艺术中心为汤伯利举办大型回顾展，此展亦是艺术家在巴黎最大规模的回顾展，当时也同时迎接蓬皮杜中心40周年。展出来自世界各地收藏的140件作品，包含油画、素描、摄影及雕塑等各时期的作品，以编年方式，带领观众深入艺术家的创作生涯及其代表作品。

Cy Twombly at the Centre Pompidou. Photography: Philippe Migeat

展览中展出了来自赛·汤伯利基金会的四幅风格强烈的早期油画：《Volubilis》、《Quarzazat》以及两幅无题。它们都创作于1953年，灵感来自于汤伯利在黑山学院之后与罗伯特·劳森伯格的北非之行。

‘Volubilis’, 1953. Courtesy of The Menial Collection. © Cy Twombly Foundation

Cy Twombly at the Centre Pompidou. Photography: Philippe Migeat

此次回顾展也展出许多他在欧洲创造的多个系列的绘画，包含：Nini’s Painting (1971), The Wilder Shores of Love(1985), Quattro Stagioni (1993-1995), The Coronation of Sesostris (2000), The Bacchus Series (2005), 和 Blooming (2001-2008)。

Cy Twombly at the Centre Pompidou. Photography: Philippe Migeat

在展览的最后，也会经过汤伯利的雕塑作品，很有意思的将雕塑作品摆放在充满落地窗的展间，雕塑高低起伏的轮廓延也呼应着巴黎远处的天际线。

Cy Twombly at the Centre Pompidou. Photography: Philippe Migeat

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“Cy Twombly：Cycles and Seasons” 

Tate Modern

London, UK 

Cy Twombly’s sculptures and paintings on view at the Tate Modern. Credit: UPPA/Photoshot

泰特美术馆总监，艺术史学家兼策展人，Nicholas Serota认为在这些作品中，关于创作的过程，都能引起不同的问题，并能成就不同的新叙述。

Sir Nicholas Serota in front of one of Twombly’s paintings at the Tate Modern. Credit: UPPA/Photoshot

Serota也搜集了相当多的历史材料，在一个展间里能同时看见1961年开始创作的一套八月节（Ferragasto），这五幅油画是汤伯利在罗马的一个酷热的八月创作的；组画 “Nini’s Paintings”——是纪念一位逝去的朋友而创作；以及1993年到95年的“四季四幅”Quattro Stagioni (A Painting in Four Parts)' 系列的两版作品。

Ferragosto V, 1961. Oil paint, wax crayon, lead pencil on canvas. 164.5 x 200 cm. Private Collection, Courtesy Thomas Ammann Fine Art, Zurich  © Cy Twombly

Quattro Stagioni (A Painting in Four Parts)' in view at “Cy Twombly: Cycles and Seasons, Tate Modern. Credit: UPPA/Photoshot

泰特美术馆现场多聚焦艺术家以手写方式进行的涂抹，喷色，图解的创作方式。据策展人Serota描述：汤伯利的作品都将画面上的空间，视为自己的一方领地，可以在上面任意挥洒。这种“挥洒”所包含的动态性，也恰好反映出艺术家当时的思想与心灵状态。在这样的任意挥洒过程中，画面上的绘画所形成的物质性特性，也能解释并描绘出一种想像的现象学。

Souvenir de L’Ile des Saintes, 1979, 8 works on paper, watercolour and gouache. Courtesy & © Cy Twombly Foundation

汤伯利本人也罕见的与Nicholas Serota一同接受了英国卫报《The Guardian》的采访时，描述自己的创作过程：“当有东西击中我，或许是我看到一幅画，或是看到大自然的事物时，它们带给我的感受，我就会开始从创作中去追找寻到。但我不在乎三四个月不去工作室。你要知道，该来的时候它就会来了。”艺术家也认为展览主题“周期与季节”也恰好的诠释了他这样的创作理念。

Sir Nicholas Serota in front of one of Twombly’s Bacchus paintings at the Tate Modern. Credit: UPPA/Photoshot

日后，在艺术家于2011年在罗马去世时候，也留下遗嘱将作品赠予泰特美术馆作为礼物，汤伯利的赠予表达了自己对泰特美术馆的欣赏，以及对英国透纳作品的欣赏。赠与的作品包含了三幅大型画作，“Untitled (Bacchus) 2006-8”，与五件1979年-1991年之间的青铜雕塑。

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频道 | Virtual Channel

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 Cy Twombly: Prompting Curiosity 

© The Canvas

Cy Twombly at Tate Modern | Tate Shots

© Tate Modern and the artist

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撰文 /  Athena, Jessica

© 艺术外食研究所